Antibiotic Basics: What They Are and How to Use Them Safely

Antibiotics are medicines that kill bacteria or stop them from growing. They don’t work on viruses, so taking them for a cold or flu won’t help. Knowing when an antibiotic is needed can save you from unnecessary side effects and keep the drugs working longer.

When a doctor prescribes an antibiotic, they choose one based on the type of infection and the likely bacteria involved. The prescription includes a specific dose, how often to take it, and how long you should stay on it. Skipping doses or stopping early can let some bacteria survive and become stronger.

Common Types of Antibiotics

There are several families of antibiotics, each with its own strengths. Penicillins (like amoxicillin) are often first‑line for ear, throat, and skin infections. Cephalosporins (such as cefdinir, sold as Omnicef) cover a broader range of bacteria and are used for respiratory or urinary tract infections. Macrolides (like azithromycin) work well for people allergic to penicillin.

Some antibiotics target specific conditions. Rifaximin, for example, stays mostly in the gut and is used for irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. Aminoglycosides (like gentamicin) are powerful but can affect kidney function, so they’re reserved for serious hospital infections. Knowing the class can help you understand why certain side effects appear.

Avoiding Antibiotic Resistance

Resistance happens when bacteria learn to survive a drug that used to kill them. The main ways resistance spreads are taking antibiotics when they aren’t needed and not finishing the full course. If you feel better after a few days, don’t quit early—those remaining bacteria could become resistant.

Ask your doctor if a test (like a throat swab or urine culture) is required before starting an antibiotic. In many cases, a viral infection will resolve on its own with rest, fluids, and over‑the‑counter pain relievers. When an antibiotic is truly necessary, follow the directions exactly and store the medication properly.

Keep a list of any past antibiotic reactions, such as rash or stomach upset, and share it with your healthcare provider. This helps them pick a drug that’s safe for you and reduces the chance of adverse effects that might make you stop early.

By using antibiotics responsibly, you protect your own health and help preserve these life‑saving medicines for everyone. If you’re ever unsure whether an antibiotic is right for you, a quick call to your pharmacist or doctor can clear things up before you start a prescription.